China
Northern Song Dynasty
960 - 1127 67 |
| 1005 Treaty of Shanyuan was signed between Chinese Song Dynasty & Khitan Liao Dynasty. |
| 990 - 1020 30 fl mi Fan Kuans Landscape painter |
| 1010 with aid of scholars such as Song Zhun, Lu Duosun compiles a massive work of cartography in 1566 chapters, including mapped topography of each provincial region in China down to minute level of small towns & villages; this was an imperial compendium first issued by Emperor Taizu of Song in 971 |
| 1010s Fan Kuan paints Travelers among Mountains & Streams. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Taiwan. |
1013  Prime Tortoise of Record Bureau One of Four Great Books of Song, compiled by 1013 was largest of Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters. by Wang Qinruo |
| 1001 - 1100 99 demands of Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron & steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland. |
1024  Worlds 1st paperprinted money can be traced back to year 1024, in Sichuan province of Song Dynasty China. Chinese government would step in & overtake this trend, issuing central governments official banknote in 1120s. |
1027  Recreates mechanical compass vehicle Yan Su of South Pointing Chariot, first invented by Ma Jun in 3rd century |
| 1028 King of Srivijaya appeals to Song Dynasty Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at Kaifeng. |
| 1037 mi Jiyun Rhyme dictionary by Ding Du. Expanded by later scholars. |
| 1037 - 1101 64 mi Su Shi Poet one of renowned poets of Song Dynasty, who also penned works of travel literature. |
| Chinese official Cai Xiang 1012 - 67 55 oversaw construction of Wanan Bridge in Fujian, & may have been leading member of an engineering school due to many other bridges of similar construction built in Fujian. song |
1007 - 72 65  Ouyang Xiu Statesman, Historian, Archaeological Epigapher, Essayist, Poet |
| 1043 Song Dynasty Chancellor of China, Fan Zhongyan, & prominent official & historian Ouyang Xiu introduce Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms. |
| 1044 Wujing Zongyao, by Zeng Gongliang & Yang Weide, is first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as blackpowderimpregnated fuses for flamethrowers. It also described an early form of compass, a thermoremanence compass. |
| 1044 Wujing Zongyao military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, & Yang Weide. song |
| 1041 - 8 7 Artisan Bi Sheng of Song Dynasty China invents ceramic movable type printing using individual ceramic characters |
| 1045 Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in |
1049  Iron Pagoda of Kaifeng |
| 1049 Record of Tea is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang |
| 1049 Fishermens Evening Song Painting by Xu Daoning |
| 1051 Jinshi Exam by Mei Yaochen 1002 60 58 Poet, Official |
| 1053 New History of 5 Dynasties by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu 1007 72 65 is completed. |
| 1050s Fishing in a Mountain Stream Painting by Xu Daoning. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at NelsonAtkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri. |
| 1055 Liaodi Pagoda Tallest in Chinas premodern history. 84 m (275 ft). |
| 1060 New Book of Tang by Ouyang Xiu 1007 72 65 song |
| 1063 Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple, Shandong |
1012 - 67 55  Cai Xiang Poet, Scholar, Calligrapher, Structural Engineer, Official song |
1017 - 73 56  Zhou Dunyi Philosopher |
| 1069 - 76 7 New Policies with support of Emperor Shenzong of Song, Chancellor Wang Anshi of Chinese Song Dynasty introduces , including Baojia system of societal organization & militias, lowcost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, & wine, reforming land survey system, & eliminating poetry requirement in imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent. |
| 1070 mi Ben Cao Tu Jing With a team of scholars, Chinese official Su Song also published in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, & mineralogy Some of drug concoctions in Sus book included ephedrine, mica minerals, & linaceae |
1010 - 70 60  Jia Xian Math |
1072 - 7 2  Calendar Fixed by Wei Pu at directorate of Astronomy but not accepted. Astronomer, Mathematician |
1075  Partial Decarbonization Method of Repreated Forging of Cast Iron Under Cold Blast Song Chinese innovate a that Hartwell & Needham consider to be a predecessor to 18th century Bessemer process |
| 1075 - 7 2 Song Dynasty of China & Lý Dynasty of Vietnam fight a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land & with their navy, & afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modernday Hanoi, capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange territories that they had captured during war, & later a border agreement is reached. |
| 1076 Song Chinese allied with southern Vietnamese Champa & Cambodian Chenla to conquer Lý Dynasty, which was an unsuccessful campaign. |
| 1076 Strict Government Monopolies on Production & Distribution of Sulfur & Saltpetrethe Chinese Song Dynasty places , in order to curb possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as Tanguts & Khitans. |
1011 - 77 66  Shao Yong Historian, Poet & Philosopher |
1077  Su Songs astronomical clock tower Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to Liao Dynasty & discovers that Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong later sponsors in order to compete with Liao astronomers. |
| 1019 - 79 60 mi Wen Tong Painter |
| 1080 Poet Su Shi Exiled from court for writing poems criticizing various reforms of New Policies Group. |
| 1080 - 1 1 Chinese statesman & scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of campaign against Western Xia, & although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yanan), another officer disobeys imperial orders & campaign is ultimately a failure because of it. |
| 1019 - 83 64 Zeng Gong, Chinese historian, travel writer, & poet song |
| 1084 Zizhi Tongjian history is completed by Chinese official Sima Guang. |
| 1084 Zizhi Tongjian enormous Chinese historical work of is compiled by scholars under Chancellor Sima Guang, completed in 294 volumes & included 3 million written Chinese characters |
| 1019 - 86 67 Sima Guang, Song Chinese chancellor & court historian |
| 1087 New office at International Seaport of Quanzhou established to handle & regulate taxes & tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, & South East Asia. |
| 1088 Dream Pool Essays is completed by Shen Kuo of Song China. |
| 1088 1st reference to magnetic compass renowned polymath Chinese scientist & official Shen Kuo made worlds in his book Dream Pool Essays, along with encyclopedic documentation & inquiry into scientific discoveries. |
| 1088 Pound Lock As written by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays, earlier in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 tan (49½ tons) & large privately ownedships holding cargo of up to 1600 tan (113 tons) |
| 1020 - 1101 81 Su Song Astronomer, Morologist, Engineer, Zoologist, Botanist, Mineralogist, Diplomat, Cartographer, etc. song |
| 1020 - 90 70 Guo Xi Landscape Painter song |
| 1031 - 95 64 Shen Kuo Official, mathematician, astronomer, encyclopedist, zoologist, geologist, botanist, pharmacologist, agronomist, ethnographer, inventor, hydraulic engineer, cartographer, general, diplomat, archaeologist, musician & poet |
| 1031 - 95 64 Theory for Land Formation (Geomorphology) Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a, theorized that climate change occurred over time, discovers concept of true north, improves design of astronomical sighting tube to view polestar indefinitely, hypothesizes retrogradation theory of planetary motion, & by observing lunar eclipse & solar eclipse he hypothesized that sun & moon were spherical Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn alHaitham, although Shen was first to treat it with quantitative attributes He also took an interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology |
| 1093 liberal reforms of Wang Anshi reinstated when Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, conservative faction that had followed Sima Guang is ousted from court, the, & Emperor Zhezong of Song halted all negotiations with Tanguts of Western Xia, resuming in armed conflict with them. |
| 1094 1st chain driven armillary sphere, astronomical & stricking clock Engineer & astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism & 1st chain drive to operate armillary sphere, astronomical clock, & striking clock jacks of his clock tower in Kaifeng |
| 1098 Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of Song Dynasty Chinese official & poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of New Policies Group. |
| 1037 - 1101 64 Su Shi Poet, calligrapher, painter, travel writer, pharmacologist, & statesman |
| 1045 - 1105 50 Huang Tingjian Calligrapher, Painter |
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China
Northern Song
960 - 1127 67 |
| 1111 mi Donglin Academy founded |
1033 - 1107 74  Cheng Yi Philosopher |
| 1051 - 1107 56 mi Mi Fu Painter, poet, & calligrapher |
| 1107 mi Combines mechanical compass vehicle of South Pointing Chariot with distance measuring odometer device by engineer Wu Deren |
| 1110s fl mi Zhu Yus maritime author |
| 1127 Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to Jurchens of Manchuria. |
1089 - 1151 62 Han Shizhong general |
Southern Song
1127 - 1279 152 |
1127 - 62 35  Zhao Gou Gaozong
| 1132 - 83 51 Navy grows 3,000 - 52,000 in 20 squadrons. 100s treadmilloperated paddle wheel craft built to fight Jin |
| 1132 Southern Song Dynasty establishes Chinas first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. main admirals office was stationed at port of Dinghai. |
| 1141 Treaty of Shaoxing ends conflicts between Jin Dynasty & Southern Song Dynasty, legally establishing boundaries of two countries & forcing Song Dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of Huai River. treaty reduced Southern Song into a quasitributary state of Jurchen Jin Dynasty. |
1103 - 42 39  Yue Fei General |
1085 - 1145 60  Zhang Zeduan Landscape Painter song |
1084 - 1151 67  Lady Li Qingzhao Poet, Writer |
| 1161 Battle of Tangdao Song Dynasty Chinese navy, employing gunpowder bombs launched from trebuchets, defeats enormous Jin Dynasty navy in East China Sea in & on in . |
| 1161 Battle of Caishi Yangtze River |
| 1165 Liuhe Pagoda of Hangzhou |
1174 - 89 15 fl  Lin Tinggui Painter of Buddhist themes |
| 1178 Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a Guangzhou customs officer, writes of an island far west in Indian Ocean (possibly Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" & with frizzy hair were captured & purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. |
960 - 1279 119  Zhou Jichang Painter |
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| 1115 Jurchen (Manchu) overrun Kitan & found Jin dynasty |
| 1122 - 7 5 Jurchen / Sung War |
| 916 - 1124 208 Liao dynasty from China, resulting in creation of Qarakhitai state in Semirechye. |
| 1124 Tungusic Juchen drive Mongol Khitans |
| 1135 Mongols led by Kabul Khan raid northern China |
| Along River During Painted by Zhang Zeduan Qingming Festival. It will later end up in Palace Museum, Beijing. |
1000s - 1300s 300 Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan |
| 1123 Jurchen dynasty forces Koryo to recognize their suzerainty. |
Song Dynasties
960 - 1279 319
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty
960 1127 67
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China
Southern Song
1127 - 1279 152 |
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| 1211 - 76 65 Mongol invasion of China |
| 1215 Mongols invade northern China, besieging & sacking Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing). |
| 1214 mi Zengis Khan took Northern China |
| 1257 Mongols led by Mongkes brother Kublai conquer China all way to Hanoi |
1254 - 1324 70  Marco Polo
Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
Marco Polo 1962
Marco Polo 1998 |
| 1218 Mongols capture Semirechye & Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar |
| 1267 Kublai Khan moves Mongol capital to Dadu (Beijing) & founds Yuan dynasty |
| Mongol Yüan dynasty is established in China under Kublai Khan. |
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China
| 1363 mi Battle of Lake Poyang, a naval conflict between Chinese rebel groups led by Chen Youliang & Zhu Yuanzhang. one of largest naval battles in history. |
1340s  Jiao Yu Chinese general & author of Huolongjing military treatise |
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Ming
1368 - 1644 276
Nanjing 1368 - 1421 53
1368 - 98 30  Hongwu
| 1368 Ming dynasty is founded by a Chinese peasant & former Buddhist monk turned rebel, Chu Yuanchang, under whose leadership China regains independence from corrupt & inefectual Mongols rulers after a 13 year rebellion. |
1311 - 75 64  Liu Ji General, Court Advisor, Philosopher, Coeditor of Huolongjing |
| 1300s Chinese text Huolongjing by Jiao Yu describes fire lances, fire arrows (rockets), rocket launchers, land mines, naval mines, bombards, cannons, & hollow cast iron cannonballs filled with gunpowder, & their use to set ablaze enemy camps. |
1383?  Great Xian Mosque china |
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| 1320 - 63 43 mi Chen Youliang, Chinese rebel leader & arch nemesis to Zhu Yuanzhang (aka Emperor Hongwu) |
1300s  Dongguan Mosque China |
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| 1490 Although pioneered earlier in Korea & by Chinese official Wang Zhen (with tin), bronze metal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in . |
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| 1434 rise of Oyrat (Western) Mongols in Jungaria. |
| 1442 nt Id Kah Mosque china |
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Bao Zheng
Zhao Shu Yingzong
Wang Anshi
Zhu Xi
Windmill
Guan ware vase is made. Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London. 
Zhao Shi
Wooden Movable Type Printing
Borjigin Qayshan
Borjigin Ayurparibhadra
Borjigin Irinchibal
Zhū Yǔnwén Huìdì None given² 
Zhū Dì Wēndì 
Yongle Encyclopedia
Xuande 
Zhengtong 
Chenghua 
Hongzhi 
Temuchin 
Tolui
